Gastroparesis is a condition in which the muscles in your stomach don’t function normally. Ordinarily, strong muscular contractions propel food through your digestive tract. But in gastroparesis, the muscles in the wall of your stomach work poorly or not at all. This prevents your stomach from emptying properly. Gastroparesis can interfere with digestion, cause nausea and vomiting, and cause problems with blood sugar levels and nutrition.

There is no cure for gastroparesis. Making changes to your diet may help you cope with gastroparesis signs and symptoms, but that’s not always enough. Gastroparesis medications may offer some relief, but some can cause serious side effects.

• Vomiting
• Nausea
• A feeling of fullness after eating just a few bites
• Abdominal bloating
• Heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux
• Changes in blood sugar levels
• Lack of appetite
• Weight loss and malnutrition

It’s not always clear what leads to gastroparesis. But in many cases, gastroparesis is believed to be caused by damage to a nerve that controls the stomach muscles (vagus nerve).

The vagus nerve helps manage the complex processes in your digestive tract, including signaling the muscles in your stomach to contract and push food into the small intestine. A damaged vagus nerve can’t send signals to your stomach muscles. This may cause food to remain in your stomach longer, rather than move normally into your small intestine to be digested.

The vagus nerve can be damaged by diseases, such as diabetes, or by surgery to the stomach or small intestine.

Factors that can make it difficult for your stomach to empty properly include:

• Diabetes
• Abdominal surgery
• Infection
• Certain medications that slow the rate of stomach emptying, such as narcotic pain medications and antidepressants
• Certain cancer treatments
• Anorexia
• Bulimia
• Scleroderma
• Parkinson’s disease
• Hypothyroidism

Gastroparesis can cause several complications, such as:

• Bacteria overgrowth in the stomach. Food that stays in the stomach can begin to ferment and disrupt the balance of good and bad bacteria. This can allow harmful microorganisms to grow out of control.
• Undigested food that hardens and remains in your stomach. Undigested food in your stomach can harden into a solid mass called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause nausea and vomiting and may be life-threatening if they prevent food from passing into your small intestine.
• Blood sugar fluctuations. Although gastroparesis doesn’t cause diabetes, inconsistent food absorption can cause erratic changes in blood sugar levels, which make diabetes worse. In turn, poor control of blood sugar levels makes gastroparesis worse.

Doctors use several tests to help diagnose gastroparesis and rule out conditions that may cause similar symptoms. Tests may include:

• Measuring the time it takes for your stomach to empty. A gastric-emptying study measures how long it takes for food to move through your stomach. There are several ways to measure stomach emptying. In the most common test, you eat food that contains a small amount of radioactive material. A scanner that detects the movement of the radioactive material is placed over your abdomen to monitor the rate at which food leaves your stomach.
• Using a scope to see inside your stomach. An upper endoscopy may help rule out other conditions that can cause delayed gastric emptying. During an endoscopy, your doctor passes a thin tube equipped with a camera down your throat and into your stomach and small intestine. The camera transmits images your doctor uses to evaluate your digestive system for abnormalities.

Treating gastroparesis begins with identifying and treating the underlying condition. For instance, if diabetes is causing your gastroparesis, your doctor can work with you to help you control your diabetes. Beyond this, other gastroparesis treatments may include:

Your doctor may refer you to a dietitian who can work with you to find foods that are easier for you to digest, so that you’re more likely to get enough calories and nutrients from the food you eat. A dietitian might suggest that you try to:

• Eat smaller meals more frequently.
• Eat low-fiber forms of high-fiber foods, such as well-cooked fruits and vegetables rather than raw fruits and vegetables.
• Choose mostly low-fat foods, but if you can tolerate them, add small servings of fatty foods to your diet.
• Avoid fibrous fruits and vegetables, such as oranges and broccoli, that may cause bezoars.
• If liquids are easier for you to ingest, try soups and pureed foods.
• Drink water throughout each meal.
• Try gentle exercise after you eat, such as going for a walk.

Some people with gastroparesis may be unable to tolerate any food or liquids. In these situations, doctors may recommend a feeding tube (jejunostomy tube) be placed in the small intestine.

Feeding tubes can be passed through your nose or mouth or directly into your small intestine through your skin. The tube is usually temporary and is only used when gastroparesis is severe or when blood sugar levels can’t be controlled by any other method.

Medications to treat gastroparesis may include:

• Medications to control nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic medications include prochlorperazine , diphenhydramine and lorazepam .
• Medications to stimulate the stomach muscles. These medications include metoclopramide and erythromycin. There is a risk of serious side effects with these medications, so discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor.

If treatment doesn’t help control your nausea, vomiting or malnutrition, you may consider gastroparesis surgery. During surgery, the lower part of the stomach may be stapled or bypassed to help improve stomach emptying.